I'm Mr Clifford and this is Adrien Hill and welcome to crash course economics.
我是克利福德先生，这是阿德里安·希尔，欢迎来到《速成经济学》。
01 / READ
Transcript
let's start by talking about something that most people take for granted.
让我们先谈谈大多数人视为理所当然的东西。
is it grocery stores?
是杂货店吗？
is it the Simpsons?
是《辛普森一家》吗？
is it GPS?
是 GPS 吗？
is it goldfish?
是金鱼吗？
is it frogs?
是青蛙吗？
oh it's probably these strawberries right.
哦，可能是这些草莓，对吧。
no I was going to say markets but strawberries are great.
不，我本来想说市场，但草莓也很好。
yeah but where do you think strawberries came from the ground the farmer the the market the grocery store the Miracle of Life?
是的，但你认为草莓是从哪里来的？是从地里，农民，市场，杂货店，还是生命的奇迹？
now look around you where did all that stuff come from and who made it and why?
现在环顾四周，那些东西都是从哪里来的，谁制造了它们，为什么？
well the answer is simple but it's underrated.
答案很简单，但被低估了。
it's market and for most of us farms and factories and stores but mainly it's just markets can have a St right now.
是市场，对我们大多数人来说是农场、工厂和商店，但主要还是市场，现在可以休息一下。
so a market is any place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services.
所以市场是买家和卖家聚集交换商品和服务的任何地方。
The key to markets is the concept of voluntary exchange that is that buyers and sellers willingly decide to make a transaction.
市场的关键是自愿交换的概念，也就是说买家和卖家自愿决定进行交易。
let's say you go to a farmers's market and you buy a box of strawberries for $ 3.
比如说你去农贸市场，花 3 美元买了一盒草莓。
you valued the box of strawberries more than the $ 3 you gave up to get it.
你把那盒草莓的价值看得比你为得到它放弃的 3 美元更高。
the seller valued the $ 3 more than the box of strawberries.
卖家把那 3 美元看得比那盒草莓更值钱。
the transaction's a win-win because you got your strawberries and the farmer got his money.
这笔交易是双赢的，因为你得到了草莓，农夫得到了钱。
you both felt better off.
你们俩都感觉更好了。
that's voluntary exchange.
那是自愿交换。
this same process happens in the labor market.
同样的过程也发生在劳动力市场上。
say that instead of the farmers market you bought your strawberries at your local supermarket.
假如你不是在农贸市场买草莓，而是在本地超市买草莓，
the cashier voluntarily decided to work there.
收银员是自愿决定在那儿工作的。
he values the 10 bucks an hour he makes there more than he does sitting at home watching The Walking Dead.
他认为每小时 10 美元比坐在家里看《行尸走肉》更有价值。
at the same time the owner of the store values the labor of the cashier more than the $ 10 an hour she pays him.
同时，店主认为收银员的劳动比她支付给他的每小时 10 美元更有价值。
and so it goes on and on all the way up the chain of production from the driver that delivered the strawberries to the farmer that grew the strawberries to the tractor that the farmer purchased.
这种情况一路延续到生产链的各个环节，从送草莓的司机到种草莓的农民，再到农民购买的拖拉机，都是如此。
the point is that markets are everywhere and most are based on voluntary exchange.
关键在于市场无处不在，而且大多数基于自愿交换。
the part of all this that most people take for granted is how efficient the system is.
人们大多认为理所当然的一点是这个系统有多高效。
competitive markets turn out to be pretty great about allocating or Distributing our scarce resources towards our most efficient use.
竞争性市场在将我们稀缺的资源分配或配置到最有效的用途方面表现得相当出色。
so if Farmers produce like too many strawberries then the price will fall.
所以如果农民生产了太多草莓，价格就会下降。
is sellers try to sell them off lower prices means less profit to Strawberry farmers and those farmers will have an incentive to produce something else like lettuce or brussel sprouts.
卖方尝试以更低的价格把它们卖掉意味着草莓农的利润减少，这些农民就有动力去生产别的东西，比如生菜或抱子甘蓝。
so if Farmers don't produce enough strawberries buyers will bid up the price and the farmers will have an incentive to produce more which then drives down the price.
因此如果农民没有生产足够的草莓，买家就会抬高价格，农民就有动力多生产，从而又把价格拉低。
that's like magic except it's not the information that markets generate to guide a distribution of resources is what economists call Price signals.
这看起来像魔法，实际上并不是；市场产生并用来指导资源分配的信息，经济学家称之为价格信号。
markets also incentivize the production of high quality products.
市场也激励高质量产品的生产。
if the strawberries are brown and nasty then no one's going to want to buy them.
如果草莓又黑又烂，那就没人想买它们了。
and if the tractor's a piece of junk the strawberry Farmers is going to tell other Farmers to buy some other tractor.
如果拖拉机是一堆破烂，草莓农就会告诉其他农民去买别的拖拉机。
now ideally the eventual result of voluntary exchange is that sellers can't make themselves better off without producing something that makes buyers better off.
现在，理想情况下，自愿交换的最终结果是卖方无法让自己变得更好而不同时让买方也变得更好。
businesses in particular large corporations are often villainized for being greedy heartless institutions that take advantage of consumers.
企业，尤其是大型公司，经常被妖魔化为贪婪、无情、利用消费者的机构。
but if markets are transparent and buyers are free to choose then businesses will have a hard time taking advantage of people.
但如果市场透明且买家可以自由选择，企业就很难去欺骗或占人便宜。
now obviously greed and deception happen in real life and there are situations when consumers don't have a choice.
很明显，贪婪和欺骗在现实生活中会发生，而且在某些情况下消费者没有选择。
but for the most part if you really don't like the policies or practices of a particular company then don't shop there.
但大多数情况下，如果你真的不喜欢某家公司的政策或做法，那就别去那儿购物。
after all in the free market every dollar that is spent signals to producers what should be produced and how it should be produced.
毕竟在自由市场中，每一美元的支出都会向生产者发出信号，告诉他们应该生产什么以及如何生产。
we've established that prices and profit determine where resources should go but where do prices come from who determines the price of my box of strawberries?
我们已经确定了价格和利润决定资源应该流向何处，但价格从何而来？谁来决定我这盒草莓的价格？
to answer that we're going to draw get ready for it supply and demand.
为了解答这个问题，我们要画图——准备好了：供给与需求。
let's go to the runway.
我们去跑道上。
there's only one thing you should learn economics it's supply and demand.
你应该学习经济学的唯一一件事就是供给与需求。
let's use the market for strawberries to help us understand this concept up here on the y - AIS we have the price of strawberries.
让我们用草莓市场来帮助理解这个概念；在上面的 y 轴是草莓的价格。
down here on the xaxis we have the quantity of boxes of strawberries.
下面的 x 轴是草莓盒数的数量。
let's start by looking at buyers and how they respond to a change in price.
首先来看买家以及他们如何对价格变化作出反应。
if the price goes up for strawberries and some buyers will go buy blueberries or they'll go on that all bacon diet the point is they're going to buy less strawberries.
如果草莓价格上涨，有些买家会去买蓝莓，或者他们会开始那种 "all bacon diet"（全培根饮食）；重点是他们会买更少的草莓。
and if the price goes down for strawberries then people are going to buy more and this is called the lawed man.
如果草莓价格下降，那么人们会买更多，这被称为 'lawed man'。
when the price goes up people buy less when the price goes down people buy more.
当价格上涨时，人们买得更少；当价格下降时，人们买得更多。
on the graph it's shown by a downward sloping demand curve.
在图上，这由一条向下倾斜的需求曲线表示。
now let's think about sellers like the farmer and the farmers market.
现在让我们考虑卖方，比如农民和农贸市场。
if the price of strawberry goes up then that farmer will make more profit so we'll have an incentive to produce more strawberries.
如果草莓价格上涨，那么农民会赚更多利润，因此我们会有动力去生产更多草莓。
if the price goes down then he's not going to want to produce strawberries.
如果价格下降，那么他就不会想生产草莓了。
that's called the law of supply and on the graph it's shown by an upward sloping supply curve.
这被称为供给定律，在图上由一条向上倾斜的供给曲线表示。
now let's put demand and Supply together.
现在把需求和供给放在一起。
if the price is really high at $ 10 then producers would like to produce a lot of strawberries but consumers won't want to buy them.
如果价格非常高，达到 10 美元，那么生产者会想生产很多草莓，但消费者不会想买它们。
this mismatch is called a surplus.
这种不匹配称为过剩。
and if the price goes down for strawberries let's say down to $ 1 then buyers want to buy a whole lot but producers won't have an incentive and they'll produce very little.
如果草莓的价格下降，比如降到1美元，那么买家想买很多，但生产者就没有动力去生产，他们会生产很少。
again you have a mismatch but this one's called a shortage.
同样你有一个不匹配，但这个称为短缺。
now there's only one price where the quantity that buyers want to buy is exactly equal the quantity sellers want to sell and it's right here with Supply equals demand.
现在只有一个价格，在那个价格上买家想买的数量恰好等于卖家想卖的数量，就在这里，供给等于需求。
the price is called the equilibrium price and quantity is called the equilibrium quantity.
这个价格称为均衡价格，数量称为均衡数量。
okay sure your graph makes sense but the price of strawberries isn't always $ 3 sometimes it goes up to $ 6 and at Whole Foods local artisanally grown strawberries the fancy pancy strawberries can cost upwards of $ 12.
好吧，你的图看起来有道理，但草莓的价格并不总是3美元，有时会上涨到6美元，在Whole Foods那种本地手工种植的草莓，昂贵的草莓甚至可以卖到12美元以上。
but I guess Whole Foods is a whole other world where price has nothing to do with realistic economics.
不过我猜Whole Foods是另一个世界，那里价格和现实经济学没什么关系。
we'll stick to normal strawberries.
我们只讨论普通的草莓。
in fact the prices for all sorts of stuff change all the time.
事实上，各种商品的价格一直在变化。
external for es can shift both the supply and demand curves changing the equilibrium price and quantity.
外部因素可以同时使供给曲线和需求曲线发生移动，改变均衡价格和数量。
for example let's assume that this graph shows the demand and supply of strawberries in the summer.
例如，假设这张图显示的是夏季草莓的需求和供给。
what happens in the winter will the change in weather affect buyer's demand or Producers Supply?
冬天会发生什么？天气变化会影响买方的需求还是生产者的供给？
spoiler alert it's Supply.
剧透：是供给。
colder temperatures make it harder to grow strawberries.
较低的温度使得种植草莓更困难。
the result is the entire supply curve is going to shift to the left.
结果是整个供给曲线将向左移动。
this is because at all possible prices there would be fewer strawberries produced.
这是因为在所有可能的价格下，生产的草莓都会更少。
that's it this graph is just a tool that economists and everyone else use to show the results of a change in a market.
就是这样，这张图只是经济学家和其他人用来展示市场变化结果的工具。
I know it seems complicated at first but there are really only four things that can happen in a market.
我知道一开始看起来很复杂，但市场上实际上只有四种可能发生的事情。
supply can decrease Supply can increase demand can decrease or demand can increase.
供给可以减少，供给可以增加，需求可以减少，或者需求可以增加。
some people might want to talk about a price being fair or right.
有些人可能会想谈论价格是否公平或正确。
well that all depends on your point of view.
好吧，这完全取决于你的观点。
the buyer always considers a low price to be a very fair price while the seller considers it unfair and vice versa.
买家总是认为低价是非常公平的价格，而卖家则认为它不公平，反之亦然。
in general economists don't really like to push opinions about prices volunt AR exchange suggests that the price is there for a reason.
一般来说，经济学家并不真正喜欢对价格发表意见，志愿交换（volunt AR exchange）暗示价格存在是有原因的。
for example assume the demand for strawberries inexplicably Falls so the demand curve shifts to the left and the equilibrium price and quantity fall.
例如，假设草莓的需求莫名其妙地下跌，所以需求曲线向左移动，均衡价格和数量下降。
Farmers might go to the government for assistance but most economists would argue there's no reason to bail them out.
农民可能会向政府寻求援助，但大多数经济学家会认为没有理由援助他们。
the Market's spoken strawberries are so over.
市场已经说话，草莓已经过剩了。
furthermore if the government helps the farmers by giving them a subsidy it would be putting resources towards something that Society doesn't value that would be inefficient.
此外，如果政府通过给农民补贴来帮助他们，就会把资源投入到社会不重视的事情上，那将是低效的。
luckily every reasonable person on Earth value strawberries so they continue to get produced.
幸运的是，地球上每个理性的人都重视草莓，所以它们继续被生产。
now the downside is the supply and demand model only applies to analyzing strawberries now I'm just joking applies to all sorts of stuff.
现在缺点是供求模型不仅适用于分析草莓——我只是开个玩笑，它适用于各种事物。
in fact let's look at a market for a commodity known for its volatility both because of its fluctuating prices and because sometimes it explodes gasoline.
事实上，让我们看看一个以波动性著称的商品市场，既因为其价格波动，也因为有时会爆炸：汽油。
now when you see gas prices that moving all over the board that's just demand and supply.
当你看到油价在各处波动时，那只是供求在起作用。
for example in 2014 the retail gas prices in the United States fell dramatically.
例如在2014年，美国的零售汽油价格大幅下跌。
why well it was demand and Supply.
为什么呢？好吧，这是供求造成的。
the economies of both Europe and China weakened which decreased the demand for gasoline Shifting the demand curve to the left.
欧洲和中国的经济都走弱，这减少了对汽油的需求，使需求曲线向左移动。
at the same time new fracking technology and restored production of oil in Iraq and Libya caus a supply of gasoline to increase or shift to the right.
与此同时，新的压裂技术以及伊拉克和利比亚石油产量的恢复导致汽油供应增加，或向右移动。
the combination drove gas prices down by more than 40 % per gallon and that's it.
两者的结合使每加仑油价下降了超过40%，就这样。
now you can tell all your friends you understand supply and demand it's a big day for you it's a big day.
现在你可以告诉你所有的朋友你理解供给和需求了，这是你重要的一天，这是个重要的日子。
so markets and supply and demand are awesome but sometimes they're not awesome.
所以市场和供求很棒，但有时它们并不棒。
for example we don't want to use the market approach when it comes to firefighters 911 what's your emergency my House's on fire how much you charge to put it out it'll be $ 10,000 what's your credit card number they're all melted.
例如，当涉及消防员时我们不想使用市场方法——“911，请问有什么紧急情况？”“我家着火了。”“灭火要多少钱？”“要一万美元。”“你的信用卡号是多少？”“它们都融化了。”
okay that one's obvious but what about the market for human organs after all there's a huge shortage and thousands of people die each year waiting for transplants.
好吧，这个例子很明显，但人体器官的市场又如何呢？毕竟存在巨大的短缺，每年有数千人在等待移植时死亡。
should there be a competitive market for human kidneys a free marketeer would say sure why not if a donor wants $ 155,000 more than he wants his other kidney why stop him.
对于人类肾脏是否应该存在一个竞争性市场，自由市场支持者会说当然可以，如果一个捐赠者想要 155,000 美元，比起保留另一个肾他更想要这笔钱，为什么要阻止他？
well ethics I mean there's several problems of arise with an unregulated market for human kidneys.
伦理上——我的意思是，对于一个不受监管的人体肾脏市场会出现几个问题。
first is the moral question is it fair for a poor person who can't afford a kidney to die while a rich person lives well probably no not at all.
首先是道德问题：对于一个买不起肾脏的穷人来说去世而富人活下来的情况公平吗？很可能不，根本不公平。
another problem results from the law of supply when there's an increase in the price of kidneys there's an incentive for people to steal and sell kidneys.
另一个问题来自供给法则：当肾脏价格上升时，人们有动力去偷窃并出售肾脏。
in fact the World Health Organization has stated payment for organs is likely to take unfair advantage of the poorest and most vulnerable groups undermines all truistic donations and leads to profiteering and human trafficking.
事实上，世界卫生组织已表示对器官付款可能会不公平地利用最贫穷和最脆弱的群体，削弱所有利他性捐赠，并导致牟利和人口贩运。
I mean all bad things.
我的意思是，都是坏事。
now that being said why do 70 % of American economic Association members support some kind of payment for organ donors.
话虽如此，为什么 70% 的美国经济学会成员支持某种对器官捐赠者的付款？
well it's because you can solve some of these problems with the market approach but the market must be regulated.
嗯，这是因为你可以用市场方法解决其中一些问题，但市场必须受到监管。
often family and friends are willing to donate a kidney but they're not a match for the patient economists generally support creating kidney exchanges where pairs of willing donors are matched with strangers that agree to donate to each other's loved ones.
通常家人和朋友愿意捐献肾脏，但他们并不一定与患者匹配；经济学家普遍支持创建肾脏交换，在那里一对愿意的捐赠者会与同意为彼此亲人捐献的陌生人配对。
in both cases the supply of donated kidneys would increase which would alleviate some of the shortage.
在这两种情况下，捐赠肾脏的供给都会增加，这将缓解部分短缺。
like we've said before free markets are awesome but they can't solve all our problems sometimes they need to be regulated and sometimes they should be avoided.
正如我们之前所说，自由市场很棒，但它们并不能解决我们所有的问题，有时需要监管，有时则应该避免。
so there you have what for most people is the start and for many the end of Economics supply and demand.
所以这就是对大多数人来说的开始，对许多人来说也是经济学的终点：供给与需求。
economists and politicians often like to refer to the interaction of supply and demand as laws and we've done that too but be clear it's not an absolute law like the law of gravity.
经济学家和政治家常常喜欢把供给与需求的相互作用称为定律，我们也这样做过，但要明确，这不是像万有引力定律那样的绝对定律。
well as we've tried to point out here on Crash Course economics is about human choices and their consequences.
正如我们在 Crash Course 所尝试指出的，经济学关乎人类的选择及其后果。
even though supply and demand behave in a predictable way that we've seen in the models we can't lose sight of the fact that both both of them are reliant on humans acting as buyers and sellers.
尽管供给与需求在我们在模型中看到的那样呈现出可预测的行为，但我们不能忽视这样一个事实：两者都依赖于作为买方和卖方的人类行为。
our actions influence supply and demand in a way that they can't influence gravity no matter how much we might want to.
我们的行动以一种他们无法影响万有引力的方式影响供给和需求，不管我们多么希望如此。
whoa that's after effects and that's something to keep in mind when you hear us or anybody talking about economic laws.
哇，那是后效应，当你听到我们或任何人在谈论经济定律时，这是需要记住的一点。
thanks for watching we'll see you next time.
感谢观看，我们下次再见。
thanks watching crash course economics it was made with the help of all these nice people you demanded it and they supplied it.
感谢观看 Crash Course Economics，这部作品在所有这些好心人的帮助下完成——你们提出需求，他们提供内容。
now if you want them to keep supplying it please head over to patreon it's a voluntary subscription plat platform that allows you to pay whatever you want monthly to help make crash course free for everyone forever.
如果你希望他们继续提供这些内容，请前往 Patreon，那是一个自愿订阅平台，允许你每月支付任意金额，帮助让 Crash Course 永远对所有人免费。
thanks for watching dftba.
感谢观看，DFTBA。
02 / UNDERSTAND
A closer look
IN THIS CONTEXT ·0:00
I'm Mr Clifford and this is Adrien Hill and welcome to crash course economics.
我是克利福德先生，这是阿德里安·希尔，欢迎来到《速成经济学》。
Write your understanding, then save it.
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